Can my boss tell me not to smoke on my breaks (both paid and unpaid)?

There probably is nothing illegal about your employer's unreasonable rules. Nor does there appear to be any recourse.

I was fired after I broke up with the owner's son.

You might have recourse. You describe the classic sex discrimination case, provided your ex-employer employed at least 15 employees. Contact local...

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I want to make sure I was treated correctly.

Unfair but from what you have said, no recourse.

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You need to consult with an attorney in your area. It appears that the company may want to reduce or eliminate personal phone calls during work...

Can an employer forbid the use of vacation time (PTO) for over a year due to large company projects, for groups of workers?

Depends. You need to consult with a local attorney. It would appear that you may be entitled to pay in lieu of PTO if you are prevented from using...

Do I have the right to ask for and receive a copy of my drug test results from the company?

You need to consult with a local attorney. Ordinarily you would have a right to obtain the results of a drug test.

I was wondering if I could possibly sue the company that I work for.

Consult with a local attorney. Your girlfriend may have rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Can he do what he threatens to do legally?

You need to consult with a domestic relations attorney asap. If he's not the biological or adoptive father, he should have no rights--just trouble....

Does my son have any recourse regarding an employer who has not paid him?

Check with a local attorney and/or the US Dept. of Labor. There is personal liability under the FLSA for non-payment of minimum wages and overtime....

Can an employer get in trouble for filing false information to the EEOC?

The EEOC probably will not look favorably upon false information supplied to it. But, it is unlikely that they will turn it over for prosecution.