What do I do if an employer refuses to give me paperwork stating my position and pay rate?

As long as they are paying you minimum wage, it does not sound as if your employer is doing anything illegal.

Was I retaliated against because I asked for a higher salary?

While maybe not fair, nothing your employer did was illegal.

What do I do about getting underpaid?

You should consult with an attorney who does wage and hour litigation before deciding how to confront your employer.

Can my employer tell someone that I came to them with a problem about another employee? And give them my name?

Based on the information provided it does not seem as if your employer did anything illegal.

How can an employer make you stay over scheduled hours and im only part time.

Unless you have a contract that says otherwise, your employer can change your hours. You do have to be paid for every hour you work however.

What are my rights as an employee (possibly facing termination)?

Generally speaking, absent a contract or membership in a union, you can be fired for any reason, so long as it is not a discriminatory reason.

I was fired but my boss said I quit?

You should file for unemployment. Your boss is trying to say that you quit so that they do not have to pay unemployment. I would file and...

Generally speaking, your employer can choose to put you on or not put you on the schedule for any reason, so long as it is not a discriminatory...

Suspended from my job while on my last week of my notice. It is for one week. I didn't get any reason. What do I do next?

What do you mean by on your notice? Did you quit? IF so you would not be entitled to unemployment usually.

Can my employer suspend me for a sexual harassment claim by a women I was dating?

Generally speaking your employer can suspend you for almost any reason so long as it is not a discriminatory one.