Can your employer fire you because you didn't do something he asked you to do that was NOT in your original job description?

You can be fired unless you have an individual contract or union contract. Unless you can prove the change was due to race, gender, age, then maybe...

Can my former employer inform future employers of this reason of termination?

Yes but most don't. Most just confirm dates of employment, salary, title. For some jobs they might have a duty to report such as school bus driver....

NY minimum is nine bucks. No law requires raises unless wage is below minimum.

What is there for me to do I was attacked at the public school I have been at almost a year?

At minimum a Workers Comp lawyer can help. Have you gone to NYPD? Good luck.

Does this mean I am NOT entitled to my vacation time when I leave, or can NYS or a lawyer force them to pay?

There is no law requiring paid vacation. Therefore if an employer has a clear policy that says you don't get paid for accrued vacation, then you...

What can I do if 4 wks. goes by and I'm still not working at my new position on the other unit?

You asked about this recently, and the local lawyer is correct: you are at will and your only other option is to get a job with a different...

Can I bring a civil suit against NYPD On the grounds of retaliation

One key would be knowing why "it was dismissed." If it was just an internal investigation, you can still go to DHR and you can bring a civil suit...

What can I do in this situation?

Go immediately to see an employment lawyer in your area NYC. Do not think a govt agency will do the best for you, your own lawyer will. Good luck.

Will a background check show open claim with NYS Division of Human Rights?

No. That you filed a DHR complaint is not on any background databases. Indeed an employer who discriminated based on having filed could then have a...

If all hourly employees received raises, are salaried employees eligible for a raise as well?

Not by law. That is 100% employer policy. The only time there are "raises" by law is when employees are being paid below a new minimum wage.