What happens if I paid my rent but they said the money order is no good

Keep all paperwork relating to this matter in case the landlord tries to evict you for non-payment of rent. And do your communicating in writing,...

Can my landlord reallocate my paid rent money to cover a fine he imposed?

The legality of what he did is questionable, but not worth fighting. You don't want an eviction action against you, especially when the amount is...

I moved out on 11/30/2016. I NEVER received a formal document of the "damages" from the landlord, yet I paid them in good faith.

Possibly, but it might be a close case and it might not be worth pursuing. Consult with a lawyer.

Can I sue my former landlord if he didn't return my security deposit for over a month then gave me only a partial refund.

Because they were late and if the charges are bogus, you may have a lawsuit, though I doubt it would be small claims. See a lawyer.

Am I still obligated to reimburse from a contract if I never signed the contract?

Your problem is that you performed according to the terms of the contract for 7 months. Have a lawyer look at the contract.

How long does it take to get billed once job is done with no written contracts at all

Go to one of the corners where the day workers hang out and ask if they know Jose the Roofer.

Can I fight an eviction for non payment of rent if the landlord is asking for an incorrect and I can prove it?

If you have proof that you made a partial payment in December and the landlord accepted it, they cannot evict you for December.

Material means significant, roughly speaking. A material breach is significant enough to justify a breach of contract claim or rescission of the...

Yes, but expect a motion to quash. Courts don't like attorneys testifying unless there is a real need, so have good reasons.

How can I write up a Roommate Agreement?

A sublease in this situation needs to address several issues, more than can be answered here. Get a legal consultation.