I agree. You may be able to file for an extension of stay in the US.

You may choose to file for Employment Authorization. Your eligibility will not be based on your J-1 status but will be based on your Adjustment of...

You may amend the answer at the interview.

What are the options for my father to obtain a b2 visa?

I agree with Mr. Hollander. It will be difficult. However, with proper documentation to evidence his ties and intentions to live in his home...

Can I travel with to another country without a passport?

No, you can't travel without a passport. You can always apply for a passport issued by country of citizenship while being in the US.

Change of status H4 to H1

Yes, you will get an I-94 with the approval notice.

H1B is expiring soon, pending I-765, have not yet received EAD card

He can stay in the country even after the expiration of his H-1B. He can continue to work for his employer filed extension or if he receives his...

LCA Wages??

Approval date or July 28th, whichever is later.

Impossible to answer without knowing specifics of your case.

Will I receive a notice of intent to deny?

If you forgot to send in the correct payment, you will receive your package back.