The ownership of a work of authorship, a copyright property, when produced for you is a contractual matter. If as an employee then probably not...

Filed a provisional patent and proceeded to work with said patent in a company, the company would like to add another engineer

The names of the inventors, on a patent, are limited to only the actual inventors. Adding names who are not inventors, who did not invent, is a...

Are companies under any obligation to shut down anything that blatantly infringes on that company's trademarks or copyrights?

The question is "Does a company which has a trademark under an obligation to take down any infringing uses of that companies own trademark." ...

I have a question regarding using.photos.

A photo is a copyright property. Someone owns that photo. You'll need permission.

Is a patent being infringed upon if only some of its claims are used in a different product?

A new (novel) invention is one that is not identical to a prior invention or, when 2 or more prior inventions are combined, the combination does...

What tutorial services does the provider of the pattern, or any other entity, provide? See counsel.

Am I protected as a reseller if my products have copyrighted logos?

Where the manufacturers authorized to use the logos? If not then probably infringement and the same for you in a resell. See counsel.

When you win a Infringement law suit

You will know when you again attempt to do business with them. If you want to sell to them then its your marketing skills. If they would be...

I am producing a wine that I want to name "Symphony No. 9" after Beethoven's masterpiece. Is this legal?

You will need a trademark search to see how and if it is already used by someone else in a wine related endeavor. See Counsel.

Can I use pictures/portrait photos online for art projects that will be published or sold?

Only with permission or license. Otherwise it will be infringement. Someone has copyright ownership of photos, and all works of authorship. See...