You are still eligible for most work related visas, as well as possibly visitor.

You are indeed, until can produce divorce certificate signed by judge.

Any such "expedite" request is almost sure to be ignored.

Can download and print the I-94 but will need the passport number. Otherwise a Form I-102 for replacement I-94 can be filed with CIS.

San Francisco, CA is the office which will have granted you AOS.

You can maintain yourself in valid F-1 status while your COS is being processed.

You cannot work in the USA without work permit issued by USCIS.

Not every "event" or crime is of "U visa caliber."

You also needed to notify the CIS dept. processing your COS of the address change. There is no way for them to know otherwise.

Child needs to travel on valid Advance parole document.