Does my employer have to give me a severance package when they laid me off?

No, you are not entitled to one, unless you have an agreement that provides for it.

You can demand it gets repaid, or have an attorney write a demand letter. If that does not work, you can file a suit in small claims court.

I sued in small claims court for the return of a security deposit ($2k). I won the case and won the appeal but he won't pay.

You can put a lien on the property owned, do a bank levy, vehicle levy, etc. Remember that judgments do accrue interest at 10% a year.

Suing a business for not paying a loan and breach of contract.

If the contract is just with the company, you likely cannot sue the CEO, unless there was a personal guarantee. If there was fraud here, you...

Yes, you can be fired for having another job that you didn't tell them about, assuming you are an-at will employee. You can be fired even if...

Jewish holidays

No, you do not have to paid for holidays.

I was terminated yesterday from my employment. No reason at all.

Assuming you are an at-will employee, this would not be a wrongful termination.

How many days does a plaintiff have defendants served their summonses/complaint in civil action? Does the clock start after

30 days from the day the summons and complaint were served personally. 40 days if served via substitute service.

10% or 7% per annum for a loan to a friend when there is no contract written?

The legal interest rate is 10%. However, if there is no contract, then you cannot simply charge interest. It would have to be something...

Do I need an Employment Lawyer?

Assuming that you are an at-will employee, nothing that you mentioned would be illegal.