Check the CIS website for normal processing times. Wait for 30 days beyond that and then do a customer service request. If that fails, you can...

If you have a refugee travel document, you can do that. if not, you cannot.

That is a personal decision only you can make. You may wish to keep your options open.

The I-130 should not prevent you from getting any kind of non-immigrant visa, until and unless the priority date is close to being available.

You cannot file jointly without that. One possibility is to file for her to get an ITIN number. Or simply not to file a joint tax return.

It depends where they will be living in the U.S. but generally adjustment of status is much, much faster than consular processing from India.

Yes, you can add the name of a spouse to your application.

Not recommended. There is a chance they will allow you to return, but you should expect that they may not.

There is no law that says you can spent 180 days per calendar year in the U.S.

Very likely yes. Contact the port director at your local CBP.