Not being familiar with your particular situation, perhaps it is better to refile adjustment but use an experienced attorney to file it

Can I apply for citizenship for my father after he was deported on money laundry charges?

Seems like a kitchen soup. No, honestly you are waiting your time. However, I would consult with an immigration lawyer

How long will the i-130 form take time to process ?

Before you child becomes 21 I uege you to notify the national visa center.

Prostitution conviction is a removal offense. Not sure about loitering in your neck of wood. Consult with an immigration and criminal lawyer.

My employer had filed for my H1B, and now on my sevis record (I20), I can see COS as approved? does it mean my H1 was approved?

No it does not mean your H1b is approved. You need to talk to company lawyer and if you were approved you will receive a new I-94.

It is not material that your visa has expired. While in US it is the status that is controlling. Yes you may continue working until EAD is expired.

How can I adjust status in the United States?

I think your attorney is advising you correctly. Take his advise and be sure to pay him.

You need to speak with degree evaluation folks and get their opinion.

Since we don't know why your initial application was denied, then it would be hard for us to say. Ask your lawyer.

Will my soon to be ex spouses visa be revoked due to our divorce

You didn't say what type of visa? However, if he is on F-2 status, then yes he would be out of status when you are divorced. However, he can apply...