Can Fresh H 2016 premium processing upgrade after RFE take long than 15 business days?

Either the employer did not file PP, or the USCIS did nor process it as such. Your employer's attorney has to follow up on that.

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Can I apply visa under cap exception , kindly let me know....???

It is a question of if you were counted towards the cap previously or not. I would say, based on the facts presented, you were not.

I entered the U.S. illegally in 2006 (came over the Mexican border). I am from Brazil. In 2012 I married a U.S. Citizen.

If you get divorced, absent abuse, you will not be able to get your green card.

Deportation

Your wife will have to take her criminal cases records and consult with an Immigration attorney.

What are my options? should I file for MTR? on what grounds? what are my chances? what are the implications/ramifications?

Meet with a lawyer. Motion to re-open is your only chance here based on the facts provided.

What is the advised "time cushion" a traveler has to have when entering the US before the B1/B2 Visa expires?

There is no time cushion. Applying for asylum is a serious decision, you should work with an attorney when filing.

What is the processing time for change of status from f1 to f2?

It may take 6-8 months for the application to be granted, sometimes even longer.

Inadmissibility for terminated case?

Yes. You will need to work with an attorney on this issue. Admitting to the element of a criminal offense equals being convicted for the...

Can I submit my green card papers to USCIS in January 2016 showing most recent tax return for 2014?

You will be submitting the most recent tax return you have on the date of the submission. If you are asked to produce the one for 2015 later, you...

Can i apply for a U visa?

You need to get a certification necessary for a U visa in orderr to qualify for it. Meet with an attorney to discuss.