Hire an immigration attorney to represent your mother in removal proceedings. Do NOT file I-130 on your own. After the attorney enters appearance...

Your infraction is not an impediment in your AOS process. Do not worry.

There is no way to chance your marital status on your naturalization certificate.

The asylum bases EAD is void if you withdrew your I-589 asylum application. Your eligibility for I-485 is dubious. Consult with an immigration...

Pending asylum is not a status. No firearms until you get asylum. Airguns and bows are lawful for you.

"Do I need to inform USCIS ??" Yes, you must inform USCIS. Amend your application.

Yes. You have one year since entry to the United States to file your asylum application. It is filed on the immigration form I-589.

Here in Brooklyn, the case of such complexity calls for an immigration attorney. You file I-751 as married, because you are married until the...

You will receive the letter of denial. The reason for denial will be stated in that letter. There is no appeal, but there is a similar procedure...

It is permissible for your wife to file the form I-751 signed by you. It is unlikely to have an interview scheduled any time soon.