You can file the I130 and await until the visa becomes available for spouse of LPR.

This should not impact the filing but wait for further USCIS correspondence.

You will need a refugee travel document for travel purposes.

Yes it can take between 14-16 years.

More information is needed about his conviction and criminal history. Consult with an attorney for guidance.

You cannot marry for purposes of obtaining a GC. It must be a marriage in good faith.

Yes you may if you are otherwise eligible.

Consult with a tax professional for guidance although there is no limit.

I think number 2 is more appropriate.

You can contact USCIS to confirm case has been withdrawn.