You should still respond and can submit the previous evidence.

No this should not negatively impact your application.

You may return to the US with the expired GC and original extension notice.

Yes the parent may visit while the I130 is pending.

It depends on the manner of entry for your spouse.

No most likely not as you have a pending asylum.

Yes this is an option if otherwise eligible.

Best to submit a new application with correct fees and forms.

No you likely will not receive a new receipt.

This should not impact your GC application.