You could hire an attorney to demand a copy of the trust. The trust's terms will determine your rights.
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Did the ccounts have a P.O.D. beneficiary, if so it may be possible to get access to his assets without needing court involvement. If the writing is entirely in his handwritting it could be probated as a holographic will. If it is typed and unsigned then you will need to do a determination of heirship.
Oral wills are not recognized in Texas.
The trustee should cash the check and then disburse it under the terms of the trust.
Are you seeking guardianship of the niece? If so,contact an attorney in your area. The attorney can help you make sure the niece's money is used only on the niece.
It would be a good idea to ask a CPA that question. There would only be income tax if income was earned. There might be estate or gift taxes
If the proceeds are spent for her care, then it is not a transfer. There are ways to protect a portion of the proceeds from having to be spent prior to the medicaid application. It would be worth meeting with an attorney who specializes in Elder Law to discuss Medicaid planning to protect some of the money.