What you are referring to is a double-derivative suit. Assuming you had shares in the parent company at time of the alleged wrongdoing and the...

What is the statute of limitations in California for a fraudulent transfer of money to partners of an S Corp?

This question needs more facts to be properly answered in my opinion.

Co-signer on a vehicle that was repossessed now owe the differential as they sold it at auction. The amount owed is $12,000.

Yes, they can assuming you signed all the necessary loan documents. If so, the creditor could file suit in court and potentially obtain a judgment...