If you never violated the order and no criminal charges were filed, it should not have an effect on your visa processing.

You may go to Canada to get another 2 years provided there is time left on your visa.

In order to stay beyond the authorized time on her I-94 card -- likely six months -- she needs to file to extend her tourist status.

Yes as long as both companies have the requisite corporate relationship with the U.S. entity that is petitioning for you.

This is only permissible if it is not usually a paid position.

Renewal is correct but you also need to file an I-539 to change status to H-4 before you are eligible for an H-4 EAD.

Not enough facts here to answer your question.

if you are past the 60-day grace period you need the H-4 to be favorably adjudicated or set up for consular processing. I suggest premium processing.

As a J-1 physician you will be subject to the 2-year foreign residency requirement and need a waiver to adjust status or change back to H-1B...

That would be fine. they will show their financial ability to support you on the I-20 you get from the school.