Both cases can pend simultaneously.

Did you respond to the RFE with the medical? Has USCIS confirmed this is received or do you have courier receipt for this?

As long as you are working it should not be considered unemployed time but check with the DSO for a proper travel I-20.

Yes, that is correct -- when you file for adjustment shop the paperwork of the nunc pro tunc filing and approval.

Yes provided you have maintained status and are otherwise eligible now.

You did what you could reporting them so just bring that paperwork and the final determination with you.

I would not expect an issue -- just answer truthfully if the issue comes up that she thought the H-4 renewed with her husband's H-1B and his...

With your adjustment pending you may still attend school but working with the EAD means technically you are no longer in F-1 status.

Hopefully they coordinated with the international student office to request a medical leave. If not, they will need to go through the...

Yes in answer to both of your questions.