If not subject to the H1B cap, a new employer can file an H1B petition for you anytime. Premium processing takes 15 days

H1B grace period is not "Duration of Status" so answer "No"

A change of status can be filed within the 60-day grace period

You can check the PERM case status here: https://flag.dol.gov/case-status-search

An H1B amendment is required for a change in work location (outside the MSA) indicated in the petition

If subject to INA 212 e, you will need a J1 waiver, among other things, before you can be granted a green card. It is highly suggested that you...

An F2 status holder can be sponsored by a US employer for EB3

Your K1 I-94 cannot be renewed. You need to apply for adjustment of status. Work with an immigration attorney

She can apply for SB-1 returning resident visa. Contact an immigration attorney for assistance.

A foreign national who stays in the US beyond his/her authorized stay for more than a year is subject to a 10 year bar from returning