I'm in California and was fired suddenly. I didn't receive final pay until later. Do they owe me time waiting penalties?

Yes

I need to sue this competitor who defames my business online over a year!

Consult with an internet attorney.

Business Contract

You need some sort of exclusive distributor/supply contract.

Landlord acting in bad faith. Gave back 169 dollars of 2400 security deposit.

Did your landlord give you an itemized list of the deductions from the security deposit and how much they cost?

Do I still have time to take a former attorney to court for breach or contract? how many years do I have.

4 years if it is a written contract. However, you may not have a valid claim here, depending on your agreement with the attorney.

Can I take someone to court who's out of state?

Yes, but you will have to serve them personally in Texas.

No, you can't decline. You need to show up or find a date where it is convenient for you to be deposed.

Boss fired me after he agreed to my week mental leave.

You have a claim, but a full consultation is necessary to properly advise you.

Can a put a lien on my ex-boyfriends business for non payment of a personal loan

You can file a lien if you win the small claims lawsuit and get a judgment.

Filed 1 lawsuit against 2 defendants. 1 defendant was personally served, other was substitute served. When can I get default?

You can request a default for each defendant separately, no need to do it at one time. So once the 30 days is up, request it for the personally...