Can I legally take business related documents from my partner's office?

If you are a member of the LLC, yes, you have access to inspect and copy these documents. A full consultation would be necessary to properly...

Don't know what to do

You can file a wage claim with the Labor Commissioner or file a lawsuit in Court. A full consultation would be necessary to properly advise you.

What do I do? how do I handle a situation like this that could have cost my life?

Sorry to hear about your situation. You should consult with a medical malpractice attorney as it appears you may have a claim.

Do I need any licenses to rent a small commercial office for my small business?

You likely need a city business license.

Is there another means for me to get payment due from an out-of-state company other than going to that state's small claims?

You can sue in CA, if the contract was executed here. You can also try having an attorney write a demand letter.

Can I change the settlement amount after my offer was accepted?

If you haven't signed any paperwork, you may be able to get out of the offer. A full consultation would be necessary to properly advise you.

In small claims court, are attorneys' fees awards included within the $10,000 limit?

You won't be able to recover attorney's fees in Small Claims Court, because attorneys are not allowed to represent parties there.

There is no law that limits the number of days in a row you work, assuming that you're an at will employee.

You should not sign anything until you consult with an attorney. A full consultation would be necessary to properly advise you.

Yes, you can sue for the injuries you suffered, medical bills, pain and suffering, loss of work, if any, and future medical care you may need, if...