Yes you should correct those documents that are not correct and always truthfully complete any immigration documents.

For TPS purposes your country of residence is that claimed upon entering the US.

Will it hurt them if I say "yes" or should I hold off until they file their respective cases with immigration lawyers to visit?

Yes you are obligated to reveal the information about your siblings.

Can she get a tourist visa to come here, how long does it last and how can I facilitate the process?

She can file a request for a B1/B2 visa and come visit. Be extra careful about her intent to come visit only. Any reason you do not go and visit her?

How do I proceed with divorcing my husband ( conditional resident) while his application is still in process?

With regard to a divorce see a family lawyer. As to the conditional issue, he can proceed on his own with a waiver. Finally, protect yourself and...

Can I exclude a child who is 19 years old so that my applicant wife can later sponsor him in a separate application?

Hard to understand the assumptions you are making except that you are possibly concerned about the affidavit of support. I presume you know that as...

Difficulty with the F1 in this case is no different than any other F1 case in that you will need to show your intent is to return to your home...

Can i apply for her EAD/AP renewal while she is still outside the US? Or is it advisable for her to return to US first?

Wait to file the renewal after she returns in January.

B2 lenght

Neither your father or your mother should experience any difficulty regarding the three month stay as it falls within the six month restriction.

I'm I allowed to take a national flight

Flying within the United States only requires a valid ID.