As long as USCIS is processing your I-485 case, I wouldn't worry so much about the details about the two filings. It sounds like you may have...

You can try requesting an NVC case expedite, explaining the circumstances and providing supporting documents.

You can apply using your new married name and include a copy of the marriage certificate.

A retired person can serve as a joint sponsor, as long the minimum income requirements are met. You may need to have an immigration attorney to...

You should try contacting USCIS to see if you can get a receipt number for the H4 application. As long as the H4 was properly filed and receipted,...

Yes, your USC husband may file a petition for you and you can file an application to adjust status here in the United States. Best to consult with...

Your husband can file for an EAD when he returns back to the United States. You cannot file on his behalf while he is abroad.

Yes, you can resubmit the entire package, including the sealed medical report.

Based on the facts of your situation, it sounds like you can petition your stepfather to bring him into the U.S.

The case will probably not be rejected for that sole reason. If it poses an issue, then you may receive an RFE to submit a signed copy.