If your mother gets a court order granting her guardianship, perhaps. Or if you get a court order terminating the biological mother's parental...

Since TPS is not actually a non-immigrant status, it is not clear that leaving the U.S. voids the TPS application. But to stay on the safe side...

Yes, he cannot get a green card as a intra-company transferee if the U.S. branch of the company no longer needs his services.

If his application has been pending for a year he can try to find a substitute sponsor to take over his I-140 and continue by filing an I-485J.

You can check the visa bulletin at https://www.uscis.gov/visabulletininfo. Your country of birth determines the visa availability, not where you...

The only option is to have an employer file a new H1b for you. You are not subject to the numerical cap so you should be able to find an employer.

If there is an issue with the affidavit of support, yes, that will delay issuance of the employment authorization document.

If you do not have employment authorization, then if you work, it will be in violation of your F1 status.

I have never seen anyone get into any immigration trouble by requesting an FBI fingerprint check or similar state check.

She can file an application for a tourist visa. But she might find it hard to prove that she is coming for a visit and does not intend to say with...