Yes, under case law, departure under advance parole does not trigger the 3/10 year bars for unlawful presence.

You can always reapply. If the facts are the same, the results will probably also be the same.

They are reconsidering and may agree to reopen, or may choose not to reopen.

The employer does not have to share this information with you. However, since you are relying on them to stay in valid status, you may wish to...

Yes, you can file a petition for writ of mandamus to have your passport issued.

Your approval of your application for extension of status means you did not accrue any unlawful presence in the U.S. So you will not be barred...

Having a weak case was never a basis for administrative closure. Talk to your lawyer.

If you were lawfully admitted into the U.S., you can adjust status as a spouse of a US citizen.

Yes, you can send your fingerprints to the FBI.

it depends what you mean by "contact sponsor".