You do not need any justification for him to file for a green card. If he is eligible, he can file.

1. No. 2. Yes, you need to file an I-485J. 3. Anytime, but certainly by the time of the interview.

You do not need to be in the U.S. for your employer to file the H1b on your behalf.

Yes, it could take longer than two weeks for a decision even if the consular officer promised it would be ready in two weeks.

No, changing one's name does not make one's visa void.

If the visa category is still current, yes, you can file an I-485 based on an I-130 which is pending. Yes, if you wish you can file it three weeks...

Generally it seems to me that you should not. need a new NIE.

Document your efforts, send a letter about closing the file within a certain amount of time if you do not hear back and close the file. AILA has...

It seems to me that you are not in H1b status and you are subject to the numerical cap.

Yes you can. The requirements are the same as they are from outside the U.S., except there is a presumption of fraud if you apply to school within...