The H1b who departs the U.S. can return anytime before the visa expires.

Yes, your mother can file for adjustment of status while she is in the U.S. It takes between four to twenty four months.

If you have not been interviewed, the next step is the interview.

Dear Sir or Madam: I am single. I have never been married. Sincerely.

It depends what application you are filing. If you are filing an i-751, there is no requirement to prove your income on that application.

You should assume you are not eligible. But you could try to get a degree evaluation to show you have the equivalent to a U.S. degree in some...

It seems to me that you abandoned the application to extend your H4 when you left the U.S. and that you are still an F1.

You, not the employer, file the I-485. The I-485 is an application based on your approved or pending I-140 visa. That means it is based on the...

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You do not need permission from USCIS to work outside of the U.S. for any employer you choose.

Under AC21, it is possible to "port" to a new employer for a similar job. The rules are complex and you should review them carefully.