You can certainly leave. But you need some way to get the approval forwarded to the U.S. embassy or consulate where you live. File an i-824 to do...

It is not possible to become a public charge to the U.S. if one does not live in the U.S. so it seems the issue is likely moot.

If you have proof you filed the I-130 and CIS accepted it, you can send the i-485 today. Otherwise you need to wait for a receipt.

Check the CBP website https://i94.cbp.dhs.gov/I94/#/home

An employer can file a PERM application for you whether or not you are in the U.S., or on CPT, or whether or not you are working for them.

Contact your accountant and get it fixed.

It should mean that, but if you are asking if the U.S. government is bound to a finding of fact that all of your papers are in order, I'm afraid not.

If you are doing work for the business and you are not purely a passive investor, you will be violating your h1b status.

Only if you file something with USCIS or if you fail to respond to them, are they likely to review the file and determine the application is...

The answer is no, if CIS receives an application when the priority date is not current, they will reject it.