Say you were convicted of shoplifting, simple as that.

Yes you can stay in the U.S. No, you cannot extend your H1b after a sixty day lapse.

The doctor cannot give you an exemption. USCIS has to do it. You need an I-601 Waiver application. Find a lawyer instead.

If he changes status to H1b, he will no longer be a J2. Once he is not a J2, he cannot get a J2 EAD.

It should take them about sixty days to review what you sent.

A pending or approved I-130 is not a basis to get a work permit. A pending i-485 is.

Yes, you are allowed to apply for a student visa. You simply have to demonstrate you plan to return to your country, as one must do for any...

There is no requirement to file for a work permit with one's adjustment application. The only caution is that one may be very careful not to work...

The main issue may be any request to extend your status will be abandoned if you leave the U.S.

Tell the consular officer at the interview and they can fix it.