It should not take any amount of time at all. For sure call and speak with a live person to verify what they have and get the process moving.

No, you have to be in legal status to file for adjustment of status or change of status.

Sure, a lawyer can help with a passport application and/or an immigrant visa petition or consular notification of birth abroad.

If you entered the U.S. legally and you are adjusting based on marriage, your unlawful employment will not bar you from adjusting status.

If you are in status, and will be in status through October 1, you should be able to file for a change of status to an H1b.

The name on the birth certificate is most important. He can always change the passport.

If you are a U.S. citizen, you need a separate application. If you are a permanent resident, you do not.

If you are a derivative applicant, and he filed before you turned 21, you can also be a derivative asylee.

If you meet the requirements for a motion to consider, CIS could, as a matter of discretion, grant an application for employment authorization...

If you indicate "unknown' it should have little or no impact on your application.