If you have valid identification you may be able to handle it without your parents.

You should tell the truth and list the countries you visited and not just the ones where you had a layover.

There is no rule against visiting one's home on advance parole based on TPS.

Form I-485 is to adjust one's status from that of a non-immigrant to that of an immigrant.

Assuming you did not overstay before you filed for adjustment, you should have no problem returning to the U.S. with advance parole.

It depends on what the crime was. If it was a petty offense, and you have no other offenses, then there may be no impact.

Yes, you should file now for change of status to H4.

It might be coming very soon. It might be coming in a very long time. Perhaps they did not update the records correctly. Or perhaps they are...

It is unlikely if you are an intending immigrant with a pending K1, to get a nonimmigrant H2b visa.

You should tell the asylum officer what you want to do and ask them what you should do. It used to be that withdrawing the application meant...