Generally CIS extends the prima facie finding on their own. But they do not renew one's work permit without an application to do so.

Intending to start a PERM application is not the same as filing a visa application, so the answer should be no.

If you can show some emergency such as a need to travel for a critical medical issue, perhaps OPLA would make a faster decision.

You can be admitted any time before the visa expires, there is no limit.

There is no immigration penalty against you if you agree to a divorce.

No. Usually they interview both spouses the same day. But not always.

If your wife is filing for adjustment of status based on a relative petition, you should also be able to file for adjustment of status as a...

If the second employer files an H1b for concurrent employment you may be able to do that without violating the immigration laws.

That is really up to the program administrator. You can contact them to ask.

There are some circumstances when a pending asylum application may be a circumstance beyond one's control that allows one to file for adjustment,...