It takes about one year to get the green card, work permit and travel permit.

If questioned about their immigrant intent, it may be hard to convince the CBP officer that thy have no intent to immigrate if there is a pending...

You could try, there's no harm. Or you could simply renew it at the immigration court where your chances may be better.

No, he cannot. However he could try to prevent you from getting extensions, etc.

Could be. Depends on whether he or she accrued over 365 days unlawful presence.

Usually they notify you months before the date is current.

If by passport information you mean their dates of birth and marital status, they should be the same and if they are not then there are issues. I...

You can file a visa petition for her. But she cannot file for a green card through adjustment of status or consular processing until the visa is...

$500 to $2000 I would guess. Depends on the jurisdiction.

You cannot change to any other status on ESTA.