I would estimate about one and a half to two years.

You can use one EAD for one job, the other for another job, or both for the same job, or either one for either job.

Yes, you can notify USCIS to connect your I-140 with your pending i-485. You can be approved on either visa.

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It does not appear to me that her visa should be deemed cancelled since there was no overstay.

The conviction does not bar you from admission to the U.S.

Yes, they will need your Philippines spouse's permission to travel to the U.S.

It might work, or you could do a FOIA request to get a copy of it from USCIS.

My guess is 3 - 4 years. Two years for USCIS and two years for NVC and the consulate.

I don't see any reason you cannot change status from J2 to J1 in the U.S., but it may be up to your program sponsor.

Your status will be "applicant for adjustment of status". Yes, you can stay in the U.S. while that application is pending.