If your priority date is now current, yes you can file for adjustment. If not, then no you cannot. Check the visa bulletin and your priority date.

You should have no problem adjusting status. Under 245(k) , since there are no violations of status since your most recent admission.

Going on vacation abroad should not create any issue for the three months venue requirement for your adjustment application.

There is no need for you to do anything, you can simply move. You can file for adjustment anywhere in the U.S. where you live.

The F2 status would be for "duration of status" but a B2 would only be good for six months so it might make more sense to do the F2.

If you are not working, it should be fine. If you are working, just not getting paid, it would constitute unauthorized employment.

Your father cannot now apply for any of his sons or daughters who are married. Since any of you might get married, I suggest to wait until he...

Yes, you can use both addresses on the form even if they overlapped. That should not be a problem for you.

Contact the local sheriff where you lived and ask them for you. Try telephone or email. Or perhaps you could send your fingerprints to the FBI...

You can file the i-485 and attached the I-140 approval notice. Just keep contacting NVC once a year so they don't terminate the visa.