1) Can l fill i485 now that i140 has been reopen as qualified for concurrent filling But did not file with initial i140 earlier.

Check AILA or Avvo. You should be able to find one.

Deported from usa with visa cancelled with prejudice

You need to seek help of an immigration attorney.

Is there any time limit for filing change of status when you enter U.S. as a student?

She cannot enter the US on F visa solely to marry you.

How does one retain priority date and change categories for Green Card application?

Family based and employment based visas are different categories.

Will there be a problem for getting new f1 visa with reputed university.

That would be hard to be granted another visa.

How can do I transfer to a new school and regain F1 status?

You need to apply for a new F1 or apply for change of status. The international office can help you with that, otherwise, seek help of an...

Should I go ahead and file the form I-130 for my father?

I do agree with my colleagues. Good luck.

Is it easier or better if she applies when shes single than being married and will my record affect her application?

It does make any difference in your case except timing would be different.

The fee is for per petition not family member.

Unfortunately you cannot expedite your COS.