My first attorney in my divorce hearings told me I could not ask for spousal support during my divorce. Can I sue for damages?

If you mean sue the attorney, not likely. You'd have to speak with an attorney that does legal malpractice. If the divorce is still going on, get...

Can I have divorce papers written up and get temporary custody of our children without a restraining order?

Yes, you can but I wouldn't do it. In fact, based on what you're saying here, it makes sense to have one. II get one in 99% of the divorces I file....

Will I need an attorney at the first hearing to address merits of my ex husband who wants to modify the parenting time order.

It almost sounds like a pretrial or status conference but I'm not sure. Your daughter doesn't want to go and your son needs more structure because...

Can I move out at 17 in Texas?

Not legally

Unless you've been in CA six months, it sounds like jurisdiction is still in Utah where the ex filed. If that's the case, get an attorney there

Is there a way to make a custody agreement between parents legal without going to court?

No

You could be, talk to a criminal defense attorney. This is out of your wife's control now

I am looking for a custody lawyer.

Call Mr. Littman or try this gentleman: http://www.avvo.com/attorneys/80111-co-christopher-leroi-1411710/website.html

Can a judgment creditor make you sign release that says we paid different settlement amount?

Have an attorney look at it. It may just be a filing fee. But the answer if it's not is no.

I want to divorce my husband, but I do not know his whereabouts. He abandoned me and my children 7 years ago.

You'll have to get service on him by publication. Get an attorney, file the divorce and the attorney will know how to to it.