What constitutes 'damages' for a defamation case? Can I sue someone for lying to my boss if the lie was not believed?

You don't have a case. Sorry.

Charged with 4degree assault with minor injury.. what type of punishment will I receive?

Consult an attorney ASAP to protect your rights because you're facing up to a year in jail.

Do i need an attorney to sue this person?

Yes

If a person is drug tested a month after his job injury and test returns positive can WC stop his benefits and can he be fired?

More facts are needed to provide an educated response though he certainly can be fired if it is specified in the employee handbook.

You need to consult and retain a qualified attorney ASAP to investigate and protect your rights.

An employee at a previous employer has defamed my character by stating I was fired as well as other preposterous allegations

Damages would have to be proven to be directly related to the defamatory statements of this person to have a case.

Oral Surgeon pulled wrong teeth. Surgery was almost one year ago but only confirmed last week. What about SOL in Tn?

One year though based on your facts you may be able to get an extension of time. Consult a dental malpractice attorney ASAP.

Was this "bouncer" in the wrong?

It depends but it doesn't appear so.

Is there some one who will represent me

Use Avvo's find a lawyer tab to find a qualified local attorney to help you.

We're being harassed by an HOA. Do not ask me why except for I'm an entertaining person to harass (believe it or not).

Consult a landlord / tenant attorney ASAP to investigate and protect your rights.