If your visa currency retrogresses you keep your PD.

Working with a qualified immigration attorney may help with your case.

No daughter will not be taken from you. There are millions of people in the US who are not US citizens. Good luck to you.

I doubt denial of F1 extension would affect future USCIS application. Hire an immigration attorney for guidance.

Yes, with a pending I485 by filing USCIS Form I-131.

Pro se with criminal history is not the way to go. Retain an immigration attorney for guidance.

Your specific case will be evaluated based on documents submitted and a personal interview.

All applications for US visas are adjudicated on its merits, regardless of date submitted.

You may make case specific inquiry using receipt number on USCIS website.

If green card is approved, it may be mailed to you. If denied, expect to encounter problems on return. Good luck.