"We" can't do diddly squat, because "we" are not the incarcerated person, nor married to him. "We" have no legal relationship to him at all. We can...

Pretty much any lawyer. Maybe a debt collection defense lawyer.

You need to find the badge or find another mode of transport for your important trip. Those are your options. Your feelings are of no consequence.

Let them handle their own problems, and if they need legal.advice, they should retain an attorney.

Hire him.a.lawyer if you want to help him. Otherwise, you are just a guy on the street with no legal relationship to the prisoner.

I dont suppose that replacing the damaged gasket is an option. Faster and easier than suing.

Don't ask for your friend. Let your friend ask.

Yes, it's legal for someone to dumpster dive.

The landlord can absolutely forbid you from placing signs in your windows. Freedom of speech applies to government actions, not private individuals.

There is no antitrust violation here.