You can technically file a request to change status but it may not be the best idea depending upon your king-term goals.

She will not be considered your spouse by USCIS if you divorced. You will need to remarry before you can sponsor her.

Once you use your DED EAD, you will no longer be in F-1 status.

If the application is rejected, it will be returned to you with the filing fee.

You may file a Form I-140 without first going to H-1B. Make sure you are not subject to the two-year home residency requirement.

There is no typical timeframe. Typically, the TFE indicates when you can follow-up with USCIS.

Yes, you should include your alias.

Probably not. But you may want to follow-up with the police department.

You should write to USCIS to correct the error.

Only certain EAD classes are eligible for an automatic extension. You can find the categories eligible for automatic renewal at...