He could come on a B2 visitor visa. Your father could sponsor him for an immigrant visa, but the processing time would be very long. To answer...

Get a K1 visa while I have a B2 visa?

I assume from the wording of this question that you are OUTSIDE the United States. The B1/B2 visa is issued by the Department of State. Although...

Have tourist visa and getting married

The visa is good until 2018 -- that's doesn't mean you will fall out of status. Customs determines how long you are permitted to remain in the US...

I'm from Syria and applied for asylum in more than five months and make fingerprints and wait for the interview

Go speak with an experienced immigration layer. Just because you're from Syria, it doesn't guarantee you will be granted asylum, or even a work...

My visa is J-1 for research scholars. I have filled out green card application

I agree. Speak with an attorney ASAP.

I-551

That's complicated. What's further complicating matters is that your living in the UAE -- depending on how long you've lived there, you may have...

Palestinian Syrian

Answer is too involved. I would advise that you speak with an experienced immigration attorney.

I got divorced about 2 years ago and later married to a US citizen girl who sponsored me for green card and I received it.

If everything you say is true, she's the one who shouldn't be calling ice and you should be fine. Get a lawyer and file for naturalization when...

I just received my Employment Authorization Card and it says "Serves as i-512 advance Parole",

Yes, but you might want to speak with your lawyer before you travel.

File I-821 for duplicate approval. I would consider filing your I-485 now with an explanation.