USCIS ombudsman office May be able to assist.

Best to inquire with your local consulate.

Yes you may apply for SSN without passport.

It will allow you a stay of up to 6 months through your new I94 if approved.

Yes you may do so as an asylum seeker.

The naturalization certificate should suffice as proof.

This may qualify as a petty offense exception but consult with an attorney for guidance.

Depends on the service center and varies largely.

The evidence you indicated is great and should be sufficient but depends on the nature of your filing. Consult with an attorney for guidance.

Best to have an attorney review your case to explore your options. Good luck!