May be worthwhile to request emergency travel document with valid reason.

This indicates that the visa is not currently available.

Timing varies depending on current caseload of USCIS service center processing the case.

Yes you may do so with valid reason for absence.

No it is not advisable for you to travel with this pending charge.

No it is better to wait until rejection to refile.

Contact the social security administration for guidance.

The GC should arrive 3-4 weeks post entry to the US.

No not based on the pending I130 alone.

This is a requirement and one you must comply with, either through actual or secondary evidence.