At this stage, they have abandoned their residency. Consult with an attorney to determine if returning resident visa is possible.

You can contact USCIS directly to inquire or refer to USCIS processing page for up to date timeline.

No this is not possible even if basis was sound.

The case will need to be resolved successfully in order for any adjudication to be made.

An applicant for a tourist visa may apply on their own. You can provide a basis for why they are entering but there’s no sponsorship requirement.

Your friend must be eligible for an underlying visa. Consult with an attorney to discuss his personal circumstances.

You may transfer to another consulate or keep track of when visa processing resumes.

The denial should be reviewed carefully to determine why you did not establish the requisite intent. Consult with an attorney for next steps.

You should not have married under the category of filing until you entered the country. Consult with an attorney to discuss further.

For a full review of CSPA eligibility, best to consult with an attorney.