Unclear why USCIS would refund the fee. Wait for notice.

Indicate that your parent is a resident of their country abroad.

Best to have an attorney review the merits of your case to determine next steps.

Best to consult with an attorney for guidance re: merits of asylum case.

This may present problems so not advisable.

Yes that is likely given nature of charges.

Yes this shouldn’t be an issue for DS160 purposes.

Consult with a tax accountant for best guidance.

You may and still obtain your GC but advisable to wait until receiving EAD.

No they may apply for a tourist but whether approved is another issue.