Yes you may do so despite I94 expiration.

Best to discuss with a family law attorney.

Best to consult with a criminal law attorney for guidance.

No this is not an option at this time.

Yes if otherwise qualified to do so.

Yes but the spouse’s intention cannot be to adjust status.

Yes you should be within the AP validity.

Contact SSA to inquire and address your concerns.

Yes your current status appears to be TPS.

A FOIA is recommended in a case such as yours. Good luck.