No that will not impact his case at all.

That is an unusually long wait time. Consult with an attorney to explore your options.

Depends on whether you have the GC in hand or not. If still pending, divorce will impact the case.

Yes they may be scheduled at the same time although separate cases.

Depends on the location but generally a few weeks to months.

Contact USCIS to request the card be resent.

Yes the consulate may request a police report.

The C/D visa restricts adjustment of status in the US.

More information is needed about case history. Consult with an attorney for guidance.

Yes you may using the I912 waiver form.